Studying international relations means learning about how nations interact on a global scale, and their interactions with each other. This multifaceted field examines formal diplomatic ties, and how countries cooperate to address global challenges like climate change, conflict and migration.
The field of study is shaped by a variety of different theoretical frameworks, including realism, liberalism and constructivism. It also explores the interactions between states at a sub-unit level, such as with ethnic, religious and secessionist groups which do not fit neatly within defined state boundaries.
Diplomacy is the main tool for resolving conflicts and preventing war. It includes communication and negotiation between representatives of nations, as well as other tools such as economic leverage (sanctions) or military force. In the interest of preventing war, it is important that leaders communicate, negotiate and collaborate with their adversaries in order to find mutually beneficial solutions.
The cornerstone of international humanitarian law, it lays down basic standards for treating civilians and prisoners in times of war. It is composed of four conventions and three protocols and is the legal basis for prosecuting war crimes, genocide and other heinous violations of the laws of war at the International Criminal Court.
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